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Practical No:03


Aim:
/*
Develop an object oriented program in C++ to create a database of the personnel information system containing the following information: Name, Date of Birth, Blood group, Height, Weight, Insurance Policy, number, Contact address, telephone number, driving license no. etc Construct the database with suitable member functions for initializing and destroying the data viz. constructor, default constructor, copy, constructor, destructor, static member functions, friend class, this pointer, inline code and dynamic memory allocation operators-new and delete.*/
 
 Theory:

1)constructor
2) default constructor
3) copy constructor
4) Parametrized constructor 
5) Destructor, 
6)static member functions
7)friend class, 
8)this pointer, 
9)inline code 
10)Dynamic memory allocation operators-new and delete.

 Conclusion  

Program for Reference:

/* Personnel.cpp*/
#include<iostream>
#include<string.h>
#include<iomanip.h>

class db
{
    char nm[20];
      char dob[10];
      char bg[3];
      float wt;
      float ht;
     int ins;
      long no;
      public:
      static int stdno;
      static void count()
      {
            cout<<"\nNo. of objects created: "<<stdno;
      }
    void fin() { cout<<"\nInline Function!";}

      db()
      {
         strcpy(nm,"Name");
            strcpy(dob,"DOB");
            strcpy(bg,"BG");
            wt=ins=ht=no=0;
            ++stdno;
      }
      db (db *ob)
      {
            strcpy(nm,ob->nm);
            strcpy(dob,ob->dob);
            strcpy(bg,ob->bg);
            wt=ob->wt;
            ht=ob->ht;
            ins=ob->ins;
            no=ob->no;
      }

      void getdata()
      {
            cout<<"\n\nEnter: name, dob, blood grp, weight, height, insurance policy no,
        contact no-\n";
            cin>>nm>>dob>>bg>>wt>>ht>>ins>>no;
      }
      friend void display(db d);

      ~db()
      {
            cout<<"\n\n"<<this->nm<<"(Object) is destroyed!";
      }
};


void display(db d)
{
    cout<<"\n"<<setw(10)<<d.nm<<setw(15)<<d.dob<<setw(8)<<d.bg<<setw(5)<<d.wt
    <<setw(5)<<d.ht<<setw(10)<<d.ins<<setw(15)<<d.no;
}

int db::stdno;

void main()
{
       clrscr();
       int n,i;
       db d1,*ptr[5];
       cout<<"\nDefault values:";
       display(d1);
       d1.getdata();
       display(d1);
       db d2(&d1);
       cout<<"\n\nUse of copy constructor :\n";
       display(d2);
       cout<<"\nHow many objects u want to create?:";
       cin>>n;
       for(i=0;i<n;i++)
       {
           ptr[i]=new db();
            ptr[i]->getdata();
       }
       cout<<"\n"<<setw(10)<<"Name"<<setw(15)<<"Date of Birth"<<setw(8)
    <<"Blood grp"<<setw(5)<<"Weight"<<setw(5)<<"Height"<<setw(10)<<"Ins
    no"<<setw(15)<<"Contact no.";
   for(i=0;i<n;i++)
     display(*ptr[i]);
   db::count();
   for(i=0;i<n;i++)
   {
     delete(ptr[i]);
   }
   cout<<"\nObjects deleted!" ;
   getch();
} 

Try- Throw- Catch (Exception handeling)

Try- Throw- Catch (Exception handeling)

An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a program. A C++ exception is a response to an exceptional circumstance that arises while a program is running, such as an attempt to divide by zero.
Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one part of a program to another. C++ exception handling is built upon three keywords: try, catch, and throw.

• throw: A program throws an exception when a problem shows up. This is done using a throw keyword.
• catch: A program catches an exception with an exception handler at the place in a program where you want to handle the problem. The catch keyword indicates the catching of an exception.
• try: A try block identifies a block of code for which particular exceptions will be activated. It's followed by one or more catch blocks.

Assuming a block will raise an exception, a method catches an exception using a combination of the try and catch keywords. A try/catch block is placed around the code that might generate an exception. Code within a try/catch block is referred to as protected code, and the syntax for using try/catch looks like the following:

try
{
   // protected code
}catch( ExceptionName e1 )
{
   // catch block
}catch( ExceptionName e2 )
{
   // catch block
}catch( ExceptionName eN )
{
   // catch block
}

You can list down multiple catch statements to catch different type of exceptions in case your try block raises more than one exception in different situations.

Throwing Exceptions:

Exceptions can be thrown anywhere within a code block using throw statements. The operand of the throw statements determines a type for the exception and can be any expression and the type of the result of the expression determines the type of exception thrown.
Following is an example of throwing an exception when dividing by zero condition occurs:

double division(int a, int b)
{
   if( b == 0 )
   {
      throw "Division by zero condition!";
   }
   return (a/b);
}

Catching Exceptions:

The catch block following the try block catches any exception. You can specify what type of exception you want to catch and this is determined by the exception declaration that appears in parentheses following the keyword catch.

try
{
   // protected code
}catch( ExceptionName e )
{
  // code to handle ExceptionName exception
}

Above code will catch an exception of ExceptionName type. If you want to specify that a catch block should handle any type of exception that is thrown in a try block, you must put an ellipsis, ..., between the parentheses enclosing the exception declaration as follows:

try
{
   // protected code
}catch(...)
{
  // code to handle any exception
}

 Example:


which throws a division by zero exception and we catch it in catch block.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

double division(int a, int b)
{
   if( b == 0 )
   {
      throw "Division by zero condition!";
   }
   return (a/b);
}

int main ()
{
   int x = 50;
   int y = 0;
   double z = 0;
 
   try {
     z = division(x, y);
     cout << z << endl;
   }catch (const char* msg) {
     cerr << msg << endl;
   }

   return 0;
}

TRY- THROW-CATCH Statements

TRY- THROW-CATCH Statements

#include <iostream>
#include <exception>
using namespace std;

struct MyException : public exception
{
  const char * what () const throw ()
  {
    return "C++ Exception";
  }
};
 
int main()
{
  try
  {
    throw MyException();
  }
  catch(MyException& e)
  {
    std::cout << "MyException caught" << std::endl;
    std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;
  }
  catch(std::exception& e)
  {
    //Other errors
  }
}

 

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